INSTALLATION NOTES for OpenBSD/mvme68k 4.0 What is OpenBSD? ---------------- OpenBSD is a fully functional, multi-platform UN*X-like Operating System based on Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2) and 4.4BSD-Lite. There are several operating systems in this family, but OpenBSD differentiates itself by putting security and correctness first. The OpenBSD team strives to achieve what is called a 'secure by default' status. This means that an OpenBSD user should feel safe that their newly installed machine will not be compromised. This 'secure by default' goal is achieved by taking a proactive stance on security. Since security flaws are essentially mistakes in design or implement- ation, the OpenBSD team puts as much importance on finding and fixing existing design flaws and implementation bugs as it does writing new code. This means that an OpenBSD system will not only be more secure, but it will be more stable. The source code for all critical system components has been checked for remote-access, local-access, denial- of-service, data destruction, and information-gathering problems. In addition to bug fixing, OpenBSD has integrated strong cryptography into the base system. A fully functional IPsec implementation is provided as well as support for common protocols such as SSL and SSH. Network filtering and monitoring tools such as packet filtering, NAT, and bridging are also standard, as well as several routing services, such as BGP and OSPF. For high performance demands, support for hardware cryptography has also been added to the base system. Because security is often seen as a tradeoff with usability, OpenBSD provides as many security options as possible to allow the user to enjoy secure computing without feeling burdened by it. To integrate more smoothly in other environments, OpenBSD 4.0 also provides, on some platforms, several binary emulation subsystems (which includes iBCS2, Linux, OSF/1, SunOS, SVR4, Solaris, and Ultrix compatibility), aiming at making the emulation as accurate as possible so that it is transparent to the user. Because OpenBSD is from Canada, the export of Cryptography pieces (such as OpenSSH, IPsec, and Kerberos) to the world is not restricted. (NOTE: OpenBSD can not be re-exported from the US once it has entered the US. Because of this, take care NOT to get the distribution from an FTP server in the US if you are outside of Canada and the US.) A comprehensive list of the improvements brought by the 4.0 release is available on the web at http://www.OpenBSD.org/40.html. OpenBSD/mvme68k runs on the Motorola 680x0 processor-based VME boards and systems built upon them. Sources of OpenBSD: ------------------- This is a list of currently known FTP servers at the time of the 4.0 release. For a more recent list, please refer to http://www.OpenBSD.org/ftp.html Main server in Canada: ftp://ftp.OpenBSD.org/pub/OpenBSD (Alberta) Argentina: ftp://ftp.openbsd.md5.com.ar/pub/OpenBSD (Buenos Aires) ftp://mirrors.localhost.net.ar/pub/OpenBSD (Buenos Aires) Australia: ftp://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/OpenBSD (Canberra, .au only) ftp://ftp.it.net.au/mirrors/OpenBSD (Perth) ftp://ftp.planetmirror.com/pub/OpenBSD (Sydney) ftp://mirror.pacific.net.au/OpenBSD (Sydney) ftp://openbsd.wiretapped.net/pub/OpenBSD (Sydney) Austria: ftp://gd.tuwien.ac.at/opsys/OpenBSD (Vienna) ftp://ftp.catai.net/pub/OpenBSD (Vienna) ftp://ftp.kd85.com/pub/OpenBSD (Vienna) Belgium: ftp://ftp.scarlet.be/pub/openbsd ftp://ftp.belnet.be/packages/openbsd (Brussels) Brazil: ftp://ftp.openbsd.org.br/pub/OpenBSD (Curitiba) ftp://ftp.das.ufsc.br/pub/OpenBSD (Santa Catarina) Bulgaria: ftp://ftp.bg.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD (Plovdiv) Canada: ftp://ftp.ca.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD (Edmonton) Czech Republic: ftp://ftp.openbsd.cz/pub/OpenBSD (Prague) Denmark: ftp://mirrors.dotsrc.org/openbsd (Aalborg) ftp://ftp.dkuug.dk/pub/OpenBSD (Copenhagen) Finland: ftp://ftp.jyu.fi/pub/OpenBSD (Jyvaskyla) France: ftp://ftp.ac-creteil.fr/OpenBSD ftp://ftp.crans.org/pub/OpenBSD (Paris) Germany: ftp://ftp.de.openbsd.org/unix/OpenBSD (Berlin) ftp://ftp.freenet.de/pub/ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD (Duesseldorf) ftp://openbsd.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/pub/OpenBSD (Erlangen) ftp://ftp-stud.fht-esslingen.de/pub/OpenBSD (Esslingen) ftp://openbsd.bay13.net/pub/OpenBSD (Hamburg) ftp://ftp.leo.org/pub/OpenBSD (Muenchen) ftp://ftp.bytemine.net/pub/OpenBSD (Oldenburg) Greece: ftp://filoktitis.noc.uoa.gr/pub/OpenBSD (Athens) ftp://ftp.physics.auth.gr/pub/mirrors/OpenBSD/OpenBSD (Thessaloniki) ftp://ftp.duth.gr/pub/OpenBSD (Thrace) Ireland: ftp://ftp.esat.net/pub/OpenBSD (Dublin) Italy: ftp://ftp.unina.it/pub/OpenBSD (Napoli) Japan: ftp://ftp.netlab.is.tsukuba.ac.jp/pub/os/OpenBSD (Ibaraki) ftp://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/OpenBSD (Ishikawa) ftp://ftp.nara.wide.ad.jp/pub/OpenBSD (Nara) ftp://ftp.iij.ad.jp/pub/OpenBSD (Tokyo) ftp://ftp.jp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD (Tokyo) ftp://ftp.kddlabs.co.jp/OpenBSD (Tokyo) Latvia: ftp://ftp.secure.lv/pub/OpenBSD ftp://ftp.bsd.lv/pub/OpenBSD (Riga) Lithuania: ftp://ftp.openbsd.lt/pub/OpenBSD The Netherlands: ftp://ftp.nl.uu.net/pub/OpenBSD (Amsterdam) ftp://ftp.calyx.nl/pub/OpenBSD (Amsterdam) ftp://muk.kd85.com/pub/OpenBSD (Amsterdam) ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/OpenBSD (Utrecht) Norway: ftp://ftp.inet.no/pub/OpenBSD (Oslo) Poland: ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/OpenBSD Portugal: ftp://ftp.fmed.uc.pt/pub/OpenBSD Romania: ftp://mirrors.evolva.ro/OpenBSD (Bucharest) ftp://mirrors.obs.utcluj.ro/pub/OpenBSD (Cluj-Napoca) ftp://ftp.physics.uvt.ro/pub/OpenBSD (Timisoara) Russia: ftp://ftp.chg.ru/pub/OpenBSD (Chernogolovka-Moscow) ftp://ftp.radio-msu.net/pub/OpenBSD (Moscow) South Africa: ftp://ftp.is.co.za/pub/OpenBSD (Johannesburg) Spain: ftp://ftp.rediris.es/mirror/OpenBSD (Madrid) Sweden: ftp://ftp.su.se/pub/OpenBSD (Stockholm) ftp://ftp.stacken.kth.se/pub/OpenBSD (Stockholm) ftp://ftp.btradianz.se/pub/OpenBSD (Stockholm) ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/OpenBSD (Uppsala) Switzerland: ftp://mirror.switch.ch/pub/OpenBSD (Zurich) Taiwan: ftp://openbsd.cc.ntu.edu.tw/pub/OpenBSD (NTU) Thailand: ftp://ftp.ce.kmitl.ac.th/pub/OpenBSD (Bangkok) Turkey: ftp://ftp.enderunix.org/pub/OpenBSD (Istanbul) Ukraine: ftp://ftp.openbsd.org.ua/pub/OpenBSD (Kiev) United Kingdom: ftp://ftp.plig.org/pub/OpenBSD (London) USA: ftp://ftp5.usa.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD (Redwood City, CA) ftp://ftp3.usa.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD (Boulder, CO) ftp://mirror.sg.depaul.edu/pub/OpenBSD (Chicago, IL) ftp://rt.fm/pub/OpenBSD (Lake in the Hills, IL) ftp://osmirrors.cerias.purdue.edu/pub/OpenBSD (West Lafayette, IN) ftp://ftp.cse.buffalo.edu/pub/OpenBSD (Buffalo, NY) ftp://ftp.crimelabs.net/pub/OpenBSD (New York, NY) ftp://ftp.nyc.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD (New York, NY) ftp://mirrors.24-7-solutions.net/pub/OpenBSD (New York, NY) ftp://openbsd.mirrors.pair.com (Pittsburgh, PA) ftp://ftp.ptptech.com/pub/OpenBSD (Ashburn, VA) ftp://openbsd.secsup.org/pub/openbsd (Fairfax, VA) ftp://ftp.tux.org/bsd/openbsd (Springfield, VA) ftp://openbsd.mirrors.tds.net/pub/OpenBSD (Madison, WI) Additionally, the file ftp://ftp.OpenBSD.org/pub/OpenBSD/ftplist contains a list which is continually updated. If you wish to become a distribution site for OpenBSD, contact . OpenBSD 4.0 Release Contents: ----------------------------- The OpenBSD 4.0 release is organized in the following way. In the .../4.0 directory, for each of the architectures having an OpenBSD 4.0 binary distribution, there is a sub-directory. The mvme68k-specific portion of the OpenBSD 4.0 release is found in the "mvme68k" subdirectory of the distribution. That subdirectory is laid out as follows: .../4.0/mvme68k/ INSTALL.mvme68k Installation notes; this file. CKSUM, MD5 Output of the cksum(1) and md5(1) programs, usable for verification of the correctness of downloaded files. *.tgz mvme68k binary distribution sets; see below. bsd A stock GENERIC mvme68k kernel which will be installed on your system during the install. bsd.rd A compressed RAMDISK kernel; the embedded filesystem contains the installation tools. Used for simple installation from a pre-existing system. installboot The OpenBSD/mvme68k boot loader installation program. bootxx The OpenBSD/mvme68k boot block. bootsd The OpenBSD/mvme68k disk boot loader. bootst The OpenBSD/mvme68k tape boot loader. rboot A standalone bootrom for the MVME147, in S-records format. sboot A network bootloader for the MVME147, in S-records format. stboot A VID tape block. These files can be used to make a bootable tape suitable for installation. They can also be used to configure an NFS server to support installation "over the network". See the section "Getting the OpenBSD system onto Useful Media" for more information. The OpenBSD/mvme68k binary distribution sets contain the binaries which comprise the OpenBSD 4.0 release for mvme68k systems. There are ten binary distribution sets. The binary distribution sets can be found in the "mvme68k" subdirectory of the OpenBSD 4.0 distribution tree, and are as follows: base40 The OpenBSD/mvme68k 4.0 base binary distribution. You MUST install this distribution set. It contains the base OpenBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be minimally functional. It includes shared library support, and excludes everything described below. [ 39.3 MB gzipped, 127.3 MB uncompressed ] comp40 The OpenBSD/mvme68k Compiler tools. All of the tools relating to C, C++, and fortran are supported. This set includes the system include files (/usr/include), the linker, the compiler tool chain, and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the base set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. [ 46.3 MB gzipped, 162.5 MB uncompressed ] etc40 This distribution set contains the system configuration files that reside in /etc and in several other places. This set MUST be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should NOT be used if you are upgrading. (If you are upgrading, it's recommended that you get a copy of this set and CAREFULLY upgrade your configuration files by hand; see the section named "Upgrading a previously-installed OpenBSD System" below.) [ 1.0 MB gzipped, 3.6 MB uncompressed ] game40 This set includes the games and their manual pages. [ 2.5 MB gzipped, 6.0 MB uncompressed ] man40 This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the base set. Note that it does not include any of the manual pages that are included in the other sets. [ 6.5 MB gzipped, 23.2 MB uncompressed ] misc40 This set includes the system dictionaries (which are rather large), and the typesettable document set. [ 2.1 MB gzipped, 7.1 MB uncompressed ] xbase40 This set includes the base X distribution. This includes programs, headers and libraries. [ 7.4 MB gzipped, 21.8 MB uncompressed ] xetc40 This set includes the X window system configuration files that reside in /etc. It's the equivalent of etc40 for X. [ 64.3 KB gzipped, 254.9 KB uncompressed ] xfont40 This set includes all of the X fonts. [ 31.6 MB gzipped, 35.8 MB uncompressed ] xshare40 This set includes all text files equivalent between all architectures. [ 1.9 MB gzipped, 10.5 MB uncompressed ] OpenBSD System Requirements and Supported Devices: -------------------------------------------------- OpenBSD/mvme68k 4.0 runs on the following classes of machines: - MVME147 - Motorola with 68030 and 68881 - MVME162 - Motorola with 68040 and IndustryPack slots - MVME167 - Motorola with 68040 - MVME177 - Motorola with 68060 The minimal configuration requires 8MB of RAM and ~100MB of disk space. To install the entire system requires much more disk space, and to compile the system, more RAM is recommended (OpenBSD with 8MB of RAM feels like Solaris with 8MB of RAM). Note that until you have 16MB of RAM, getting more RAM is more important than getting a faster CPU board. Supported devices include: MVME147: serial ports: on-board ttya-ttyd Ethernet: on-board AMD 7990 Lance Ethernet (le) SCSI: on-board WD33C93 controller VMEbus: not supported (some cards have issues) MVME162, MVME172: serial ports: on-board tty00-03 - Zilog Z85230 SCC Ethernet: on-board Intel 82596CA Ethernet (ie) SCSI: on-board NCR53c710 controller VMEbus: drivers for short I/O access (untested) Flash: 1MB flash, either Intel 28F008SA or 28F020 A driver is available, but doesn't work correctly. Jumper GPIO3 selects Flash memory map and must be installed for booting with the Flash driver (default) SRAM: supported IndustryPack: untested MVME167, MVME177: serial ports: on-board tty00 - tty03 - Cirrus Logic CD2401 Ethernet: on-board Intel 82596CA Ethernet (ie) SCSI: on-board NCR53c710 controller SRAM: supported VMEbus: supported Faithful clones of the above boards should also work. Additional VMEbus devices supported by the OpenBSD/mvme68k port include: MVME328 SCSI controller (vs) MVME376 VME bus Ethernet (le) Getting the OpenBSD System onto Useful Media: --------------------------------------------- Installation is supported from several media types, including: CD-ROM FFS partitions (for upgrades only) Tape Remote NFS partitions FTP HTTP The steps necessary to prepare the distribution sets for installation depend on which method of installation you choose. Some methods require a bit of setup first that is explained below. The installation allows installing OpenBSD directly from FTP mirror sites over the internet, however you must consider the speed and reliability of your internet connection for this option. It may save much time and frustration to use ftp get/reget to transfer the distribution sets to a local server or disk and perform the installation from there, rather than directly from the internet. The variety of options listed may seem confusing, but situations vary widely in terms of what peripherals and what sort of network arrangements a user has, the intent is to provide some way that will be practical. Creating an (optionally bootable) installation tape: To install OpenBSD from a tape, you need to make a tape that contains the distribution set files, each in "tar" format or in "gzipped tar format". First you will need to transfer the distribution sets to your local system, using ftp or by mounting the CD-ROM containing the release. Then you need to make a tape containing the files. If you're making the tape on a UN*X-like system, the easiest way to do so is make a shell script along the following lines, call it "/tmp/maketape". #! /bin/sh TAPE=${TAPE:-/dev/nrst0} mt -f ${TAPE} rewind if test $# -lt 1 then dd of=${TAPE} if=stboot obs=512 dd of=${TAPE} if=bootst obs=512 dd of=${TAPE} if=bsd.rd obs=8k conv=sync fi for file in base etc comp game man misc xbase xetc xfont xshare do dd if=${file}40.tgz of=${TAPE} obs=8k conv=sync done tar cf ${TAPE} bsd mt -f ${TAPE} offline # end of script And then: cd .../4.0/mvme68k sh -x /tmp/maketape Note that, by default, this script creates a bootable tape. If you only want to fetch the OpenBSD files from tape, but want to boot from another device, you can save time and space creating the tape this way: cd .../4.0/mvme68k sh -x /tmp/maketape noboot If you're using a system other than OpenBSD or SunOS, the tape name and other requirements may change. You can override the default device name (/dev/nrst0) with the TAPE environment variable. For example, under Solaris, you would probably run: TAPE=/dev/rmt/0n sh -x /tmp/maketape Note that, when installing, the tape can be write-protected (i.e. read-only). To install OpenBSD using a remote partition, mounted via NFS, you must do the following: NOTE: This method of installation is recommended only for those already familiar with using BSD network configuration and management commands. If you aren't, this documentation should help, but is not intended to be all-encompassing. Place the OpenBSD distribution sets you wish to install into a directory on an NFS server, and make that directory mountable by the machine on which you are installing or upgrading OpenBSD. This will probably require modifying the /etc/exports file of the NFS server and resetting its mount daemon (mountd). (Both of these actions will probably require superuser privileges on the server.) You need to know the numeric IP address of the NFS server, and, if the server is not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading OpenBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the OpenBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the OpenBSD machine itself. Once the NFS server is set up properly and you have the information mentioned above, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you are upgrading OpenBSD, you also have the option of installing OpenBSD by putting the new distribution sets somewhere in your existing file system, and using them from there. To do that, do the following: Place the distribution sets you wish to upgrade somewhere in your current file system tree. At a bare minimum, you must upgrade the "base" binary distribution, and so must put the "base40" set somewhere in your file system. It is recommended that you upgrade the other sets, as well. Preparing your System for OpenBSD Installation: ----------------------------------------------- Before installing OpenBSD on your machine, you will want to check your machine's NVRAM settings, from the BUG. The BUG provides a simple syntax reminder for every command, as well as a description of the commands; if you need help, just use 167-Bug> HE for a command list, or 167-Bug> HE FOO for help on a specific command. If you are located in the diagnostics directory (with a prompt in -Diag> rather than -Bug>), be sure to revert to the normal Bug operating mode with the SD command: 167-Diag> SD 167-Bug> The default settings are usually suitable for OpenBSD; make sure the environment is configured in BUG mode. You can check and change this with the ENV command. Ideally, the first two items of the ENV data will be as follows: 167-Bug> ENV Bug or System environment [B/S] = B? Field Service Menu Enable [Y/N] = N? in order to boot directly into the BUG, without executing the complete selftest sequence. Do not forget, after changing the ENV parameters, to save the changes in NVRAM as suggested by the ENV command itself. If the board has a built-in Ethernet controller, its address must be correct; the LSAD command allows the address to be edited. OpenBSD/mvme68k will not run correctly if the clock is stopped (power-saving mode). Be sure to check that it is running by setting the current date with the SET command. Some models also require specific preparation: MVME147: Make sure the word at memory FFFE0764 is correct. Its value should be zero if you don't have any VMEbus memory cards. You can change its value with the MM command. If you plan to permanently boot from the network, make sure your ENV settings match the following setup: Network Auto Boot Enable [Y/N] = N? Y Network Auto Boot at power-up only [Y/N] = Y? N Network Auto Boot Abort Delay = 5? 2 (or any value at your choice) Network Auto Boot Configuration Parameters Pointer (NVRAM) = 00000000? FFFC0080 Installing the OpenBSD System: ------------------------------ Installing OpenBSD is a relatively complex process, but if you have this document in hand and are careful to read and remember the information which is presented to you by the install program, it shouldn't be too much trouble. Before you begin, you should know the geometry of your hard disk, i.e. the sector size (note that sector sizes other than 512 bytes are not currently supported), the number of sectors per track, the number of tracks per cylinder (also known as the number of heads), and the number of cylinders on the disk. The OpenBSD kernel will try to discover these parameters on its own, and if it can it will print them at boot time. If possible, you should use the parameters it prints. (You might not be able to because you're sharing your disk with another operating system, or because your disk is old enough that the kernel can't figure out its geometry.) There are several ways to install OpenBSD onto a disk. The easiest way in terms of preliminary setup is to use the OpenBSD ramdisk kernel that can be booted from tape. Alternatively, if the mvme68k is hooked up to a network, it is possible to set up another machine as a server for diskless setup, which is a convenient way to install on a machine whose disk does not currently hold a usable operating system. This is difficult to get set up correctly the first time, but easy to use afterwards. (See ``Installing using a diskless setup'' below). Booting from the Installation Media: Prior to attempting an installation, everything of value on the target system should be backed up. While installing OpenBSD does not necessarily wipe out all the partitions on the hard disk, errors during the install process can have unforeseen consequences and will probably leave the system unbootable if the installation process is not completed. Availability of the installation media for the prior installation, such as a Motorola SystemV/mvme68k tape is always a good insurance, should it be necessary to "go back" for some reason. After taking care of all that, the system should be brought down gracefully using the shutdown(8) and/or halt(8) commands, which will eventually go back to the ``BUG>'' prompt (it may be necessary to send a break if the system is completely halted). Booting from SCSI tape: Bootable tapes can be booted with the following command at the prompt: 167-Bug> BO xx yy Where `xx' is the SCSI controller number (00 for the built-in SCSI controller), and `yy' is the encoding for the SCSI device ID, which varies between controllers. Recent BUG can list the available disk and tape controllers, using the "IOT;H" command: 167-Bug>IOT;H I/O Controllers Available: CLUN CNTRL-TYPE CNTRL-Address N-Devices 0 VME167 $FFF47000 * 6 VME328 $FFFF9000 * In this example, the built-in controller, as well as an external MVME328 controller, are available. The encoding for the drive ID is as follows: - built-in controller and MVME327 SCSI controller: 'yy' is ten times the device ID. - MVME328 SCSI controller: 'yy' is eight times the device ID, written in hexadecimal - MVME350 tape controller: 'yy' is always zero, as this controller only supports one tape drive. MVME147 boards are slightly different, as they only support booting from the built-in SCSI controller (if present), using the following convention: - 'xx' is the device ID. - 'yy' is zero. For example, booting from a tape drive using SCSI ID #4: 147-Bug> BO 04 00 for a MVME147, and 167-Bug> BO 00 40 for any other mvme68k board using the built-in controller. However, a tape drive connected to an MVME328 board using SCSI ID #5, will be booted as: 167-Bug> BO 06 28 Note that OpenBSD/mvme68k can boot off any tape drive supported by the BUG, even if its controller is not supported by OpenBSD. Installing using a diskless setup: First, a diskless client configuration should be set up on a server. If the boot server is an OpenBSD system, the diskless(8) manual page will provide detailed information on the process. If the server runs another operating system, the setup instructions will likely be available as part of the documentation that came with it (on SunOS systems, add_client(8) and the Sun System/Networks administrators guide constitute a good start; on Solaris systems, share(1M) is a good starting point as well). OpenBSD/mvme68k can boot off any network card supported by the BUG, even if the card itself is not supported by OpenBSD. The list of BUG-supported network controllers is available with the "NIOT;A" command. For example: 167-Bug> NIOT;A Network Controllers/Nodes Supported CLUN DLUN Name Address 0 0 VME167 $FFF46000 2 0 VME376 $FFFF1200 3 0 VME376 $FFFF1400 4 0 VME376 $FFFF1600 5 0 VME376 $FFFF5400 6 0 VME376 $FFFF5600 7 0 VME376 $FFFFA400 10 0 VME374 $FF000000 11 0 VME374 $FF100000 12 0 VME374 $FF200000 13 0 VME374 $FF300000 14 0 VME374 $FF400000 15 0 VME374 $FF500000 The "NIOT;H" lists only the available controllers in the machine. For example, if no external network card is present, only the built-in controller will be reported: 167-Bug> NIOT;H Network Controllers/Nodes Available CLUN DLUN Name Address 0 0 VME167 $FFF46000 If the BUG does not support the NIOT command (most MVME147 don't), then it has no support for netbooting, and you'll have to use S-Records, described later in this document. Before netbooting, enter "NIOT" and fill the parameters. Be sure to provide the correct values for Controller LUN and Device LUN (as listed in the "NIOT;H" output); also the "Boot File Load Address" and "Boot File Execution Address" need to be set to 006F0000. The "Boot File Name" must match the name of the netboot file on the server (copying it as "netboot.mvme68k" is usually a wise choice). Finally, "Argument File Name" needs to be set to "bsd.rd" in order to boot the installation miniroot, rather than the regular kernel. Here are acceptable values for a 167 card using the built-in controller: 167-Bug> NIOT Controller LUN =00? Device LUN =00? Node Control Memory Address =01FF0000? Client IP Address =0.0.0.0? Server IP Address =0.0.0.0? Subnet IP Address Mask =255.255.255.0? Broadcast IP Address =255.255.255.255? Gateway IP Address =0.0.0.0? Boot File Name ("NULL" for None) =? netboot.mvme68k Argument File Name ("NULL" for None) =? bsd.rd Boot File Load Address =001F0000? 006F0000 Boot File Execution Address =001F0000? 006F0000 Boot File Execution Delay =00000000? Boot File Length =00000000? Boot File Byte Offset =00000000? BOOTP/RARP Request Retry =00? TFTP/ARP Request Retry =00? Trace Character Buffer Address =00000000? BOOTP/RARP Request Control: Always/When-Needed (A/W)=W? BOOTP/RARP Reply Update Control: Yes/No (Y/N) =Y? If you change the NIOT configuration, you will be asked whether you want to make these changes permanent. Do not answer Y unless you plan to netboot this board very often; be sure to have the ENV settings use a correct address for the NIOT parameters block in this case. A valid setting is: Network Auto Boot Configuration Parameters Pointer (NVRAM) = 00000000? FFFC0080 for example. Once the NIOT parameters are set, it should be possible to boot the machine from the server with the NBO command. However, in some cases, netbooting will prevent the OpenBSD kernel from probing the built-in SCSI controller (if any) properly, so it is recommended to do a disk probe first: 167-Bug> IOI;C 167-Bug> IOI This can take up to a couple of minutes, depending on how many SCSI controllers are found in the machine. Once the BUG prompt is back, you can safely netboot: 167-Bug> NBO 00 00 or if you know the IP address for the mvme68k and the diskless server, you can directly provide the boot loader's filename and the kernel name on the commandline: 167-Bug> NBO 00 00 192.168.0.68 192.168.0.1 netboot.mvme68k bsd.rd where, in this example, 192.168.0.68 is the address of the mvme68k computer, and 192.168.0.1 the address of the diskless server. If the BUG version does not understand the NIOT and NBO commands (most MVME147 don't), the alternative is to boot from S-Records. Booting from S-Records: First, a diskless client configuration should be set up on a server. Refer to the short description above for details. Second, using a terminal emulator able to read files from the local machine and send their contents over the serial link, such as cu(1) and tip(1) - both being available on OpenBSD - the mvme68k workstation should be put in S-Records receive mode, with the LO command at the BUG prompt: 147-Bug> LO If this command prints an error message and returns to the BUG prompt immediately, it might be necessary to switch directories, using the SD command, before retrying. Then, the contents of the ``sboot'' file should be sent From the terminal emulator. Depending on the speed of the serial link, this will take some time, but no more than a couple of minutes. If a prompt does not come back after a few minutes, it is likely that the S-Records download is hosed. In this case, the mvme68k board should be reset before a further attempt to download the S-Records is made. Once the transfer is finished, entering GO at the BUG prompt will start the S-Records boot loader. This is a very crude bootloader which will attempt to fetch a secondary boot program via TFTP requests, like the NBO command. This will cause the kernel provided by the diskless setup to be booted. After the initial probe messages you'll be asked to start the install or upgrade procedure. Installing using the tape or netboot procedure: You should now be ready to install OpenBSD. The following is a walk-through of the steps you will take while getting OpenBSD installed on your hard disk. If any question has a default answer, it will be displayed in brackets ("[]") after the question. If you wish to stop the installation, you may hit Control-C at any time, but if you do, you'll have to begin the installation process again from scratch. Using Control-Z to suspend the process may be a better option, or at any prompt enter '!' to get a shell, from which 'exit' will return you back to that prompt (no refresh of the prompt though). Boot your machine from the installation media as described above. It will take a while to load the kernel especially from a slow network connection, most likely more than a minute. If some action doesn't eventually happen, or the spinning cursor has stopped and nothing further has happened, either your boot media is bad, your diskless setup isn't correct, or you may have a hardware or configuration problem. Once the kernel has loaded, you will be presented with the OpenBSD kernel boot messages. You will want to read them to determine your disk's name and geometry. Its name will be something like "sd0" or "wd0" and the geometry will be printed on a line that begins with its name. As mentioned above, you will need your disk's geometry when creating OpenBSD partitions. You will also need to know the device name to tell the install tools what disk to install on. If you cannot read the messages as they scroll by, do not worry -- you can get at this information later inside the install program. You will next be asked for your terminal type. You should choose the terminal type from amongst those listed. (If your terminal type is xterm, just use vt100). After entering the terminal type you will be asked whether you wish to do an "(I)nstall" or an "(U)pgrade". Enter 'I' for a fresh install or 'U' to upgrade an existing installation. You will be presented with a welcome message and asked if you really wish to install (or upgrade). Assuming you answered yes, the install program will then tell you which disks of that type it can install on, and ask you which it should use. The name of the disk is typically "sd0" for SCSI drives. Reply with the name of your disk. Next the disk label which defines the layout of the OpenBSD file systems must be set up. The installation script will invoke an interactive editor allowing you to do this. Note that partition 'c' inside this disk label should ALWAYS reflect the entire disk, including any non-OpenBSD portions. If you are labeling a new disk, you will probably start out with an 'a' partition that spans the disk. In this case you should delete 'a' before adding new partitions. The root file system should be in partition 'a', and swap is usually in partition 'b'. It is recommended that you create separate partitions for /usr, /tmp, and /var, and if you have room for it, one for /home. In doing this, remember to skip 'c', leaving it as type "unused". For help in the disk label editor, enter '?' or 'M' to view the manual page (see the info on the ``-E'' flag). The swap partition (usually 'b') should have a type of "swap", all other native OpenBSD partitions should have a type of "4.2BSD". Block and fragment sizes are usually 8192 and 1024 bytes, but can also be 4096 and 512 or even 16384 and 2048 bytes. The install program will now label your disk and ask which file systems should be created on which partitions. It will auto- matically select the 'a' partition to be the root file system. Next it will ask for which disk and partition you want a file system created on. This will be the same as the disk name (e.g. "sd0") with the letter identifying the partition (e.g. "d") appended (e.g. "sd0d"). Then it will ask where this partition is to be mounted, e.g. /usr. This process will be repeated until you enter "done". At this point you will be asked to confirm that the file system information you have entered is correct, and given an opportunity to change the file system table. Next it will create the new file systems as specified, OVERWRITING ANY EXISTING DATA. This is the point of no return. After all your file systems have been created, the install program will give you an opportunity to configure the network. The network configuration you enter (if any) can then be used to do the install from another system using HTTP or FTP, and will also be the configuration used by the system after the installation is complete. If you select to configure the network, the install program will ask you for the name of your system and the DNS domain name to use. Note that the host name should be without the domain part, and that the domain name should NOT include the host name part. Next the system will give you a list of network interfaces you can configure. For each network interface you select to configure, it will ask for the IP address to use, the symbolic host name to use, the netmask to use, and any interface-specific flags to set. The interface-specific flags are usually used to determine which media the network card is to use. Typically no media flags are required as autodetection normally works, but you will be prompted with a list of the acceptable media flags, and asked if you want to provide any. In doubt, do not enter any media flags; or you can refer to the manual page for your interface for the appropriate flags. After all network interfaces have been configured, the install pro- gram will ask for a default route and IP address of the primary name server to use. You will also be presented with an opportunity to edit the host table. At this point you will be allowed to edit the file system table that will be used for the remainder of the installation and that will be used by the finished system, following which the new file systems will be mounted to complete the installation. After these preparatory steps have been completed, you will be able to extract the distribution sets onto your system. There are several install methods supported; FTP, HTTP, tape, CD-ROM, NFS, or a local disk partition. To install via FTP: To begin an FTP install you will need the following pieces of information. Don't be daunted by this list; the defaults are sufficient for most people. 1) Proxy server URL if you are using a URL-based FTP proxy (squid, CERN FTP, Apache 1.2 or higher). You need to define a proxy if you are behind a firewall that blocks outgoing FTP (assuming you have a proxy available to use). 2) Do you need to use active mode FTP? By default, ftp will attempt to use passive mode and fall back to an active connection if the server does not support passive mode. You only need to enable this option if you are connecting to a buggy FTP daemon that implements passive FTP incorrectly. Note that you will not be asked about active FTP if you are using a proxy. 3) The IP address (or hostname if you enabled DNS earlier in the install) of an FTP server carrying the OpenBSD 4.0 distribution. If you don't know, just hit return when asked if you want to see a list of such hosts. 4) The FTP directory holding the distribution sets. The default value of pub/OpenBSD/4.0/mvme68k is almost always correct. 5) The login and password for the FTP account. You will only be asked for a password for non-anonymous FTP. For instructions on how to complete the installation via FTP, see the section named "Common URL installations" below. To install via HTTP: To begin an HTTP install you will need the following pieces of information: 1) Proxy server URL if you are using a URL-based HTTP proxy (squid, CERN FTP, Apache 1.2 or higher). You need to define a proxy if you are behind a firewall that blocks outgoing HTTP connections (assuming you have a proxy available to use). 2) The IP address (or hostname if you enabled DNS earlier in the install) of an HTTP server carrying the OpenBSD 4.0 distribution. If you don't know, just hit return when asked if you want to see a list of such hosts. 3) The directory holding the distribution sets. There is no standard location for this; You should use the directory specified along with the server in the list of official HTTP mirror sites that you received in step 3. For instructions on how to complete the installation via HTTP, see the section named "Common URL installations" below. To install from tape: In order to install from tape, the distribution sets to be installed must have been written to tape previously, either in tar format or gzip-compressed tar format. You will also have to identify the tape device where the distribution sets are to be extracted from. This will typically be "nrst0" (no-rewind, raw interface). Next you will have to specify how many files have to be skipped on the tape. This number is usually zero, unless you have created a bootable tape, in which case the number will be 3. The install program will not automatically detect whether an image has been compressed, so it will ask for that information before starting the extraction. To install from CD-ROM: When installing from a CD-ROM, you will be asked which device holds the distribution sets. This will typically be "cd0". Next you will be asked which partition on the CD-ROM the distribution is to be loaded from. This is normally partition "a". Next you will have to identify the file system type that has been used to create the distribution on the CD-ROM, this can be either FFS or ISO CD9660. The OpenBSD CD-ROM distribution uses the CD9660 format. You will also have to provide the relative path to the directory on the CD-ROM which holds the distribution, for the mvme68k this is "4.0/mvme68k". For instructions on how to complete the installation from the CD-ROM distribution, see the section named "Common file system installations" below. To install from an NFS mounted directory: When installing from an NFS-mounted directory, you must have completed network configuration above, and also set up the exported file system on the NFS server in advance. First you must identify the IP address of the NFS server to load the distribution from, and the file system the server expects you to mount. The install program will also ask whether or not TCP should be used for transport (the default is UDP). Note that TCP only works with newer NFS servers. You will also have to provide the relative path to the directory on the file system where the distribution sets are located. Note that this path should not be prefixed with a '/'. For instructions on how to complete the installation from the CD-ROM distribution, see the section named "Common file system installations" below. To install from a local disk partition: When installing from a local disk partition, you will first have to identify which disk holds the distribution sets. This is normally "sdN", where N is a number 0 through 9. Next you will have to identify the partition within that disk that holds the distribution; this is a single letter between 'a' and 'p'. You will also have to identify the type of file system residing in the partition identified. Currently, you can only install from partitions that have been formatted as the Berkeley fast file system (ffs). You will also have to provide the relative path to the directory on the file system where the distribution sets are located. Note that this path should not be prefixed with a '/'. For instructions on how to complete the installation from a local disk partition, see the next section. Common file system installations: The following instructions are common to installations from mounted disk partitions, NFS mounted directories and CD-ROMs. A list of available distribution sets will be listed. You may individually select distribution sets to install or enter `all' to install all of the sets (which is what most users will want to do). You may also enter `list' to get a file list or `done' when you are done selecting distribution sets. You may also use wildcards in place of a file name, e.g. `*.tgz' or even `base*|comp*'. It is also possible to enter an arbitrary filename and have it treated as a file set. Once you have selected the file sets you want to install and entered `done' you will be prompted to verify that you really do want to extract file sets. Assuming you acquiesce, the files will begin to extract. If not, you will be given the option of installing sets via one of the other install methods. Common URL installations: Once you have entered the required information, the install program will fetch a file list and present a list of all the distribution sets that were found in the specified directory. (If no valid sets were found, you will be notified and given the option of unpacking any gzipped tar files found or getting a file list if none were found.) At this point you may individually select distribution sets to install or enter `all' to install all of the sets (which is what most users will want to do). You may also enter `list' to get a file list or `done' when you are done selecting distribution sets. You may also use wildcards in place of a file name, e.g. `*.tgz' or even `base*|comp*'. It is also possible to enter an arbitrary filename and have it treated as a file set. Once you have selected the file sets you want to install and entered `done' you will be prompted to verify that you really do want to download and install the files. Assuming you acquiesce, the files will begin to download and unpack. If not, you will be given the option of installing sets via one of the other install methods. When all the selected distribution sets has been extracted, you will be allowed to select which time zone your system will be using, all the device nodes needed by the installed system will be created for you, and the file systems will be unmounted. For this to work properly, it is expected that you have installed at least the "base40", "etc40", and "bsd" distribution sets. Congratulations, you have successfully installed OpenBSD 4.0. When you reboot into OpenBSD, you should log in as "root" at the login prompt. You should create yourself an account and protect it and the "root" account with good passwords. The install program leaves root an initial mail message. We recommend you read it, as it contains answers to basic questions you might have about OpenBSD, such as configuring your system, installing packages, getting more information about OpenBSD, sending in your dmesg output and more. To do this, run mail and then just enter "more 1" to get the first message. You quit mail by entering "q". Some of the files in the OpenBSD 4.0 distribution might need to be tailored for your site. We recommend you run: man afterboot which will tell you about a bunch of the files needing to be reviewed. If you are unfamiliar with UN*X-like system administration, it's recommended that you buy a book that discusses it. Net Boot or Diskless Setup Information: The set up is similar to SunOS diskless setup, but not identical, because the Sun setup assumes that the bootblocks load a kernel image, which then uses NFS to access the exported root partition, while the OpenBSD bootblocks use internal NFS routines to load the kernel image directly from the exported root partition. Please understand that no one gets this right the first try, since there is a lot of setup and all the host daemons must be running and configured correctly. If you have problems, extract the diskless(8) manpage, find someone who's been through it before and use the host syslog and tcpdump(8) to get visibility of what's happening (or not). Your mvme68k expects to be able to download a second stage bootstrap program via TFTP after having acquired its IP address through RevARP when instructed to boot "over the net". If you are booting from S-Records, it will look for a filename composed of the machine's IP address, followed by the machine's architecture, separated by a period (for example, a mvme68k board which has been assigned IP address 130.115.144.11 will make a TFTP request for `8273900B.mvme68k'); if you are booting from the NBO command, you can specify the filename which will be looked for. Normally, this file is a symbolic link to an appropriate second-stage boot program, which should be located in a place where the TFTP daemon can find it (remember, many TFTP daemons run in a chroot'ed environment). You can find the boot program in `/usr/mdec/netboot' in the OpenBSD/mvme68k distribution. After the boot program has been loaded into memory and given control by the BUG, it starts locating the machine's remote root directory through the BOOTPARAM protocol. First a BOOTPARAM WHOAMI request is broadcast on the local net. The answer to this request (if it comes in) contains the client's name. This name is used in the next step, a BOOTPARAM GETFILE request -- sent to the server that responded to the WHOAMI request -- requesting the name and address of the machine that will serve the client's root directory, as well as the path of the client's root on that server. Finally, this information (if it comes in) is used to issue a REMOTE MOUNT request to the client's root filesystem server, asking for an NFS file handle corresponding to the root filesystem. If successful, the boot program starts reading from the remote root filesystem in search of the kernel which is then read into memory. Unpack `base40.tgz' and `etc40.tgz' on the server in the root directory for your target machine. If you elect to use a separately NFS-mounted filesystem for `/usr' with your diskless setup, make sure the "./usr" base files in base40.tgz end up in the correct location. One way to do this is to temporarily use a loopback mount on the server, re-routing /usr to your server's exported OpenBSD "/usr" directory. Also put the kernel and the install/upgrade scripts into the root directory. A few configuration files need to be edited: /etc/hosts Add the IP addresses of both server and client. /etc/myname This files contains the client's hostname; use the same name as in /etc/hosts. /etc/fstab Enter the entries for the remotely mounted filesystems. For example: server:/export/root/client / nfs rw 0 0 server:/export/exec/mvme68k.OpenBSD /usr nfs rw 0 0 Now you must populate the `/dev' directory for your client. If the server does not run OpenBSD you might save the MAKEDEV output: eo=echo ksh MAKEDEV all > all.sh and then tailor it for your server operating system before running it. Note that MAKEDEV is written specifically for ksh, and may not work on any other Bourne shell. There will be error messages about unknown users and groups. These errors are inconsequential for the purpose of installing OpenBSD. However, you may want to correct them if you plan to use the diskless setup regularly. In that case, you may re-run MAKEDEV on your OpenBSD machine once it has booted. Upgrading a previously-installed OpenBSD System: ------------------------------------------------ Warning! Upgrades to OpenBSD 4.0 are currently only supported from the immediately previous release. The upgrade process will also work with older releases, but might not execute some migration tasks that would be necessary for a proper upgrade. The best solution, whenever possible, is to backup your data and reinstall from scratch. To upgrade OpenBSD 4.0 from a previous version, start with the general instructions in the section "Installing OpenBSD". Boot from an installation tape, or the miniroot over the network. When prompted, select the (U)pgrade option rather than the (I)nstall option at the prompt in the install process. The upgrade script will ask you for the existing root partition, and will use the existing filesystems defined in /etc/fstab to install the new system in. It will also use your existing network parameters. From then, the upgrade procedure is very close to the installation procedure described earlier in this document. Note that the upgrade procedure will not let you pick the ``etc40.tgz'' set, so as to preserve your files in `/etc' which you are likely to have customized since a previous installation. However, it is strongly advised that you unpack the etc40.tgz set in a temporary directory and merge changes by hand, since all components of your system may not function correctly until your files in `/etc' are updated. Getting source code for your OpenBSD System: -------------------------------------------- Now that your OpenBSD system is up and running, you probably want to get access to source code so that you can recompile pieces of the system. A few methods are provided. If you have an OpenBSD CD-ROM, the source code is provided. Otherwise, you can get the pieces over the Internet using anonymous CVS, CTM, CVSync or FTP. For more information, see http://www.OpenBSD.org/anoncvs.html http://www.OpenBSD.org/ctm.html http://www.OpenBSD.org/cvsync.html http://www.OpenBSD.org/ftp.html Using online OpenBSD documentation: ----------------------------------- Documentation is available if you first install the manual pages distribution set. Traditionally, the UN*X "man pages" (documentation) are denoted by 'name(section)'. Some examples of this are intro(1), man(1), apropos(1), passwd(1), passwd(5) and afterboot(8). The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8. The 'man' command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering 'man [section] topic'. The brackets [] around the section should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the least-numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after logging in, enter man passwd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the documentation for passwd(5), enter man 5 passwd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter apropos subject-word where "subject-word" is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related man pages will be displayed. Adding third party software; ``packages'' and ``ports'': -------------------------------------------------------- As complete as your OpenBSD system is, you may want to add any of several excellent third party software applications. There are several ways to do this. You can: 1) Obtain the source code and build the application based upon whatever installation procedures are provided with the application. 2) Use the OpenBSD ``ports'' collection to automatically get any needed source file, apply any required patches, create the application, and install it for you. 3) Use the OpenBSD ``package'' collection to grab a pre-compiled and tested version of the application for your hardware. If you purchased the OpenBSD CD-ROM set you already have several popular ``packages'', and the ``ports'' collection. Instructions for installing applications from the various sources using the different installation methods follow. You should also refer to the packages(7) manual page. Installing applications from the CD-ROM package collection: The OpenBSD CD-ROM ships with several applications pre-built for various hardware architectures. The number of applications vary according to available disk space. Check the directory 4.0/packages/m68k to see which packages are available for your hardware architecture. That directory will be on the same CD-ROM containing the OS installation files for your architecture. To install one or more of these packages you must: 1) become the superuser (root). 2) mount the appropriate CD-ROM. 3) use the ``pkg_add'' command to install the software. Example (in which we use su(1) to get superuser privileges, thus you have to be in group "wheel", see the manual page for su(1)). $ su Password: # mkdir -p /cdrom # mount /dev/cd0a /cdrom # pkg_add /cdrom/4.0/packages/m68k/ # # umount /cdrom Package names are usually the application name and version with .tgz appended, e.g. emacs-21.3.tgz Installing applications from the ftp.OpenBSD.org package collection: All available packages for your architecture have been placed on ftp.OpenBSD.org in the directory pub/OpenBSD/4.0/packages/m68k/ You may want to peruse this to see what packages are available. The packages are also on the OpenBSD FTP mirror sites. See http://www.OpenBSD.org/ftp.html for a list of current FTP mirror sites. Installation of a package is very easy. 1) become the superuser (root) 2) use the ``pkg_add'' command to install the software ``pkg_add'' is smart enough to know how to download the software from the OpenBSD FTP server. Example: $ su Password: # pkg_add \ ftp://ftp.OpenBSD.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.0/packages/m68k/emacs-21.3.tgz Installing applications from the CD-ROM ports collection: The CD-ROM ``ports'' collection is a set of Makefiles, patches, and other files used to control the building and installation of an application from source files. Creating an application from sources can require a lot of disk space, sometimes 50 megabytes or more. The first step is to determine which of your disks has enough room. Once you've made this determination, read the file PORTS located on the CD-ROM which contains the ports tree. To build an application you must: 1) become the superuser (root) 2) have network access, or obtain the actual source files by some other means. 3) cd to the ports directory containing the port you wish to build. To build samba, for example, where you'd previously copied the ports files into the /usr/ports directory: cd /usr/ports/net/samba 4) make 5) make install 6) make clean Installing applications from the OpenBSD ports collection: See http://www.OpenBSD.org/ports.html for current instructions on obtaining and installing OpenBSD ports. You should also refer to the ports(7) manual page. Installing other applications: If an OpenBSD package or port does not exist for an application you're pretty much on your own. The first thing to do is ask if anyone is working on a port -- there may be one in progress. If no such port exists, you might want to tinker with the NetBSD pkgsrc. If you can't find an existing port, try to make your own and feed it back to OpenBSD. That's how our ports collection grows. Some details can be found at http://www.OpenBSD.org/porting.html with more help coming from the mailing list, . Administrivia: -------------- There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at . To get help on using the mailing list server, send mail to that address with an empty body, and it will reply with instructions. There are also two OpenBSD Usenet newsgroups, comp.unix.bsd.openbsd.announce for important announcements and comp.unix.bsd.openbsd.misc for general OpenBSD discussion. To report bugs, use the 'sendbug' command shipped with OpenBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports include lots of details. Additionally, bug reports can be sent by mail to: bugs@OpenBSD.org Use of 'sendbug' is encouraged, however, because bugs reported with it are entered into the OpenBSD bugs database, and thus can't slip through the cracks. As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to the mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about it, or, if you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it. For more information about reporting bugs, see http://www.OpenBSD.org/report.html